Here are you know detailed and easy to understand notes of central nerve system (CNS). What is CNS? The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system and main functioning part of the brain. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for sensory data coordination and motor command. […]
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What is hypokalaemia? Hypokalaemia is a condition which is characterized by a lower-than-normal level of potassium in the blood. The serum potassium concentration is below or less than 3.5 mmol/L (normal range: 3.5–5.0 mmol/L). Types of hypokalaemia Severity Potassium Level (mmol/L) Symptoms Treatment Mild 3.0-3.5 Often none, mild Dietary changes, oral supplements Moderate 2.5-3.0 Muscle
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What is Hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism means the thyroid gland is overactive and makes too much thyroid hormone. This makes the body work faster than normal. Causes (Aetiology) of Hyperthyroidism Risk Factors How It Affects the Body (Pathophysiology) Signs and Symptoms (Clinical Features) 1. Heart and Blood 2. Lungs 3. Digestive System 4. Muscles and Body 5.
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This complete guide to hypothyroidism covers types, risk factors, clinical signs, treatment options, and nursing interventions. Definition of Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism means your thyroid gland is underactive. It doesn’t make enough thyroid hormones, which slows down your body’s metabolism and heat production. Types of Hypothyroidism Causes (Aetiology) of Hypothyroidism Risk Factors You’re more likely to get
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Hyperparathyroidism happens when there is too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the blood. This is due to overactivity of one or more (total four) parathyroid glands in the neck. Types / Classification of Hyperparathyroidism Causes (Etiology) of Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary • Non-cancerous tumor (adenoma) • Paget’s disease, bone cancers • Overactive PTH even when
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What is Hypoparathyroidism? – A Basic Overview Hypoparathyroidism refers to a medical condition where there is insufficient production or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormonal deficiency leads to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and high phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia), due to reduced PTH action on bones and kidneys. the Epidemiology of hypoparathyrodism is Estimated prevalence is
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The RAAS is a hormone system that plays a central role in regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis. It is activated when the body senses low blood pressure, reduced sodium concentration, or diminished renal blood flow. Key Components and Their Functions RAAS Cascade: Step-by-Step Process you can also visit- Large intestine anatomy and
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What is Large Intestine ? The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract which plays a central role in digestion. It is where undigested food received from the small intestine is processed and any water and remaining nutrients are absorbed before the indigestible matter is excreted from the body as
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Malaria Epidemiology in India Causative Agent:Protozoan parasite Plasmodium Species: NOTE; – 25th April: World Malaria Day 1-30th June: Anti—Malaria Month Vector:Female Anopheles mosquito (bites mainly at night) Historical Discoveries Symptoms Typical Symptoms: Severe Symptoms: Diagnosis Method Notes Microscopic Blood Smear Gold standard for diagnosis RDTs (Rapid Diagnostic Tests) Useful in field conditions PCR For species-specific
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Introduction of epideiology Definition “Study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man.” — MacMahon (1960) Epidemiological Triad Used to explain infectious disease transmission: Objectives of Epidemiology Types of Epidemiological Studies 1. Descriptive Study 2. Analytical Study A. Case-Control Study OR Interpretation: Advantages: Disadvantages: Example: Smoking and lung cancer B. Cohort Study C.
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